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The world¡¯s land ¡ª including its mountains, hills, plateaus and plains ¡ª provides vital services, such as oxygen, food and water, that are essential for life. Land is also home to much of the world¡¯s biodiversity.

Land as an essential carbon sink because its surfaces, such as forests, regulate the planet¡¯s temperature and help to store carbon. In the last decade alone, generated by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels.

But our land is under increasing pressure from deforestation, urbanization, industrial development, agricultural expansion and unsustainable farming practices that are undermining its ability to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, as well as regulate the climate and air quality.

And , in turn, exacerbates land degradation through drought, desertification and other extreme weather events that are increasing in frequency and intensity as the planet gets warmer.
 

State of our land
 

Today, of the world¡¯s land surface has been degraded including of its cropland and 10 per cent of its pastureland.

In the last fifty years, the area of drylands in drought has increased on average by per year ¡ª affecting mostly countries in Africa and Asia. If we continue to misuse our land, we could degrade a surface area by 2050.

When land is degraded, it impacts food security, water availability and ecosystem health, directly affecting , and causing a loss of worth of ecosystem services each year ¡ª nearly of $93 trillion in 2021.

Land degradation is also considered ¡° of terrestrial biodiversity loss,¡± resulting in the destruction of the habitats of many animals and plants. Severe degradation such as drought and desertification can also devastate communities, leading to social and economic instability. could be displaced by 2050 as a result of climate change-induced desertification.
 

Land and climate change
 

How does land degradation impact climate change? It decreases the soil¡¯s ability to store carbon. Moreover, when forests are cleared or burnt, they release the carbon they have stored. found that deforestation alone contributed about 10 per cent of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.

Between 2000 and 2009, annual greenhouse gas emissions from degraded land accounted for up to ¡ª in comparison, the global energy-related CO2 emissions were considered to reach their highest ever level in 2021 at

And as the planet warms, extreme weather events, including longer and more intense droughts, heavier rainfall leading to floods and landslides, and more frequent and intense tropical storms, worsen land degradation.

Projected length of drought with every 0.5¡ãC temperature increase. SOURCE: UNFCCC

The that droughts will lead to soil erosion as well as reduced crop yields, while floods and landslides can destroy agricultural lands and infrastructure. Tropical storms can uproot trees and damage crops.

have caused significant agricultural losses, including in the world¡¯s major breadbasket regions in the last few decades, with major consequences for global food security.

Additionally, climate change causes sea levels to rise, leading to coastal flooding and erosion. Such impacts have serious economic, social and environmental impact on countries and communities around the world, and scientists caution that these impacts will only become more severe in the future.

Without efforts to restore and protect land, nearly more carbon would be emitted by 2050 due to land use change and soil degradation, representing approximately 17 per cent of current annual greenhouse gas emissions.
 

Changing the way we use land
 

The good news is that there are ways to improve land degradation. One way is through , which includes agroforestry, grazing management, and assisted natural regeneration, and the of areas important for biodiversity and the provision of natural resources such as water.

such as using more efficient irrigation systems and crop rotations, can protect ecosystems and the communities that depend on them, as well as help to regulate local climate patterns, improve water quality, and safeguard biodiversity.
 

Socio-economic gains of land restoration
 

The economic gains from , including its impact on emission cuts and the prevention of biodiversity loss, could be significant, amounting to ¡ª which is 50 per cent more than the global GDP in 2021.

If we used just of the annual amount of $700 billion spent on subsidies for the fossil fuel and agricultural industries over the next ten years, countries would be able to restore some 1 billion degraded hectares of land ¡ª an area the size of the United States or China, including 250 million hectares of farmland.

Land also has a great potential to provide renewable energy ¡ª through which is produced from a variety of organic materials such as plant and animal matter. Today, bioenergy is one of the largest sources of renewable energy globally, accounting forof renewable energy and over 6 per cent of global energy supply.

It is also an important source of employment, particularly in rural areas. The biofuels sector provides globally and is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. However, high , even with the development of improved equipment, can contribute to deforestation, degradation of soil quality and reduced biodiversity.

Visit the UN Environment Programme and  the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) websites for more information about the impact of land degradation and the importance of restoration.

Check out the video below created by UNCCD¡¯s initiative.