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The seasonal rains returned to southern Niger in June, coaxing the green millet stalks from the dry earth and signalling an end, hopefully, to a food shortage that has left some 2.4听million Nigeriens 鈥� including 800,000 children 鈥� vulnerable to malnutrition. International relief workers have also started to arrive to distribute the emergency rations needed until the harvest is in.

But neither the millet nor the aid came soon enough for Fassoma Abdoulsalam. The one-year-old died on 10 August, one of some two dozen children to succumb to malnutrition in the village of Birgi Dangotcho in the hard-hit Zinder region.

It was not an uncommon tragedy in a country where malnutrition, child mortality and poverty rates are high even in good times. What distinguished her death was that the world knew it was coming almost from the moment of her birth, yet failed to prevent it.

Photograph: UN / Evan Schneider

鈥楧eafening silence鈥�

Experts place part of the problem with the localized nature of the food shortages, which drove up regional food prices and led the government, the UN and relief groups to view the situation as one of chronic poverty and distorted grain markets instead of as an emergency. The non-governmental M茅decins sans fronti猫res (MSF) criticized the UN for coming too late, with too little, and for failing to sound the alarm soon enough.

But in fact, the UN and other monitors began reporting that southern Niger was slipping into crisis as early as November 2004, following a poor harvest due to drought and locusts. The following month the government of Niger issued an emergency appeal for over 78,000 metric tonnes of food aid, with the support of the UN World Food Programme (WFP). That appeal, and the ones that followed, noted the head of UN humanitarian operations, Under-Secretary General Jan Egeland, were met by a 鈥渘ear-deafening silence.鈥�

The efforts of the UN and other relief groups to alert the world to Niger鈥檚 impending crisis were numerous (see chronology below).

But only in mid-July, after the UK鈥檚 BBC broadcast images provided by the UN of dying Nigerien children, did donors finally begin responding. WFP received more pledges in the 10 days following the broadcast than it had in the eight previous months. 鈥淭he fact that the world can be moved only by the images of graphic suffering is nothing to celebrate,鈥� lamented WFP Executive Director James Morris. 鈥淢any of the children who featured in the news reports are already beyond help.鈥�

Fixing an 鈥榠rrational鈥� system

In the view of many observers, the preventable deaths and suffering in Niger underscore the need for fundamental reform of the headline-driven global emergency response system 鈥� a system MSF Executive Director Nicolas de Torrente recently denounced as 鈥渃ompletely irrational.鈥� Most proposals call for an emergency fund large enough to permit immediate responses to humanitarian situations before they become crises. Currently, the WFP and other agencies may borrow only limited funds from the UN emergency fund or other operations for rapid responses 鈥� and then only if they have received donor pledges of repayment.

鈥淚magine if your local fire department had to petition the mayor for money every time it needed water to douse a raging fire,鈥� Mr. Egeland remarked. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 the predicament faced by anguished humanitarian aid workers when they seek to save lives but have no funds to pay for the water 鈥� or medicine, shelter or food 鈥� needed to put out a fire.鈥� These delays are deadly.鈥�

To speed lifesaving responses, Mr. Annan has proposed a tenfold increase, to $500听mn, in the UN emergency fund. He has also called for greater international efforts to combat the long-term causes of hunger. With over 4 million people in Africa鈥檚 Sahel region in need of food aid and over 10 million people now at risk in Southern Africa, the needs of the hungry cannot wait.